‘No rules are better than bad rules’: Why COP25 ended in deadlock

The latest UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) summit, held in Madrid over the past two weeks, left many disappointed at the lack of tangible progress on some key issues. The talks had originally been due to be held in Chile but were moved at the last minute because of social unrest.

Carbon market rules - also known as ‘Article 6’ - were one of the key items on the agenda. They were the last parts of Paris Agreement still to be resolved, after the rest of the ‘rulebook’ was agreed in 2018.